Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

University of Chittagong (CU)

University of Chittagong (CU)

Rajshahi Board

Rajshahi Board

May 15, 2021 to Present

May 14, 2017 to May 14, 2021

May 16, 2013 to May 14, 2017

January 16, 2008 to May 13, 2013

May 15, 2005 to January 15, 2008

March 07, 2005 to May 14, 2005

September 01, 2003 to March 06, 2005

Tanchangya, T., Ridwan, M., Raihan, A., Khayruzzaman, Rahman, M. S., Rahman, J., … Islam, S. (2023). Nexus Between Financial Development and Renewable Energy Usage in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 2(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v2i1.524

Rahman, M. S., Ridwan, M., Raihan, A., Khayruzzaman, Tanchangya, T., Rahman, J., … Paul, A. (2023). Nexus Between Agriculture, Industrialization, Imports, and Carbon Emissions in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 2(2), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v2i2.513

Rahman, M. S., Ridwan, M., Raihan, A., Khayruzzaman, Tanchangya, T., Rahman, J., … Ahmad, S. (2023). Role of Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, Agricultural Productivity, and Urbanization Toward Achieving China’s Goal of Net-zero Emissions. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 2(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v2i1.515

Raihan, A., Ibrahim, S., Ridwan, M., Rahman, M. S., Bari, A. M., & Atasoy, F. G. (2024). Role of renewable energy and foreign direct investment toward economic growth in Egypt. Innovation and Green Development, 4(1), 100185. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949753124000626

This journal is Q1 in Scopus (ranked 17/207 in the category Management Science and Operations Research

Atasoy, F. G., Atasoy, M., Raihan, A., Khayruzzaman, Ridwan, M., Tanchangya, T., … Jubayed, A. A. (2022). An Econometric Investigation of How the Usage of Non-Renewable Energy Resources Affects the Load Capacity Factor in the United States. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 1(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v1i2.482

A. Raihan, M. Ridwan, M.S. Rahman, An exploration of the latest developments, obstacles, and potential future pathways for climate-smart agriculture, Climate Smart Agriculture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csag.2024.100020

Raihan, A., Rahman, J., Tanchangya, T., Ridwan, M., Md. Shoaibur Rahman, & Islam, S. (2024). A review of the current situation and challenges facing Egyptian renewable energy technology. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy, 3(3), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v3i3.965

Islam, S., Raihan, A., Paul, A., Ridwan, M., Rahman, M. S., Rahman, J., Tanchangya, T., Bibi, R., Sumaira, & Jubayed, A. A. (2024). Dynamic Impacts of Sustainable Energies, Technological Innovation, Economic Growth, and Financial Globalization on Load Capacity Factor in the Top Nuclear Energy-Consuming Countries. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 3(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v3i1.448

Islam, S., Raihan, A., Ridwan, M., Rahman, M. S., Paul, A., Karmakar, S., Paul, P., Tanchangya, T., Rahman, J., & Jubayed, A. A. (2023). The Influences of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Energy Price, and Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy Consumption in The BRICS . Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 2(2), 17–28.  https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v2i2.419

Md. Shoaibur Rahman, Raihan, A., Samanta Islam, Pramila Paul, & Sourav Karmakar. (2023). Enhancing Soil Carbon Sequestration and Land Restoration through Tropical Forest Management. Journal of Agriculture Sustainability and Environment, 2(2), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.56556/jase.v2i2.906

Hanif, M. A., Roy, R. M., Bari, M. S., Ray, P. C., Rahman, M. S., & Hasan, M. F. (2018). Livelihood improvements through agroforestry: Evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Small-scale Forestry, 17, 505-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9400-y

Raihan, A., Voumik, L. C., Mohajan, B., Rahman, M. S., & Zaman, M. R. (2023). Economy-energy-environment nexus: the potential of agricultural value-added toward achieving China’s dream of carbon neutrality. Carbon Research, 2(1), 43. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44246-023-00077-x

Raihan, A., Arindrajit Paul, Rahman, M. S., Islam, S., Paul, P., & Karmakar, S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Environmental Sustainability: A Concise Review of Technology Innovations in Energy, Transportation, Biodiversity, and Water Management. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy, 3(2), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v3i2.953

Jubair, A. N. M., Rahman, M. S., Sarmin, I. J., & Raihan, A. (2023). Tree diversity and regeneration dynamics toward forest conservation and environmental sustainability: A case study from Nawabganj Sal Forest. Bangladesh. Journal of Agriculture Sustainability and Environment, 2(2), 1-22.https://doi.org/10.56556/jase.v2i2.780

 Ali, M. M., Bari, M. S., Hanif, M. A., Rahman, M. S., Ahmed, B., & Butar, E. S. B. (2024). Charland resilience: agroforestry innovations as nature-based solutions for climate-vulnerable communities in Bangladesh. Nature-Based Solutions, 100165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100165

Parvin, M. S., Sarmin, I. J., Mannan, M. A., Bari, M. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2021). DIVERSITY AND USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AMONG THE PEOPLE LIVING AROUND SAL FOREST OF DINAJPUR. Journal of Science and Technology, 32(39), 1994-0386.

Rahman, S., Ali, A., & Raihan, A. (2022). Soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems as a mitigation strategy of climate change: a case study from Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research, 3(4), 1-13.

Sarmin, I. J., Rahman, M. S., Amin, M. H., & Ahmed, K. (2020). EFFECTS OF BARK AND STEM EXUDATES OF EUCALYPTUS ON THREE CROP PLANTS. Journal of Science and Technology, 17, 24.

https://jst.hstu.ac.bd/assets_vcc/files/vol_18/JST_18_20_3.pdf

Pakhom, M. N. J., Rahman, M. S., Bari, M. S., & Dhar, M. (2020). CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIALITY OF DIFFERENT CROPLAND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN DINAJPUR DISTRICT. Journal of Science and Technology, 43, 52.

https://jst.hstu.ac.bd/assets_vcc/files/vol_18/JST_18_20_6.pdf

Rahman, M. S., Rahman, M. A., Amin, M. H. A., & Raihan, A. (2017). EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON THE SHOOT MORPHOLOGY AND ROOT ARCHITECTURE OF Azadirachtaindica A. Juss. SEEDLING UNDER NURSERY CONDITION. Journal of Science and Technology, 25, 33.

Nesha, N., Rahman, M. S., Amin, M. H. A., Sarmin, I. J., & Shah, M. A. (2018). EFFECT OF CROP RESIDUES ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF CONTAINERIZED GHORA NEEM (Melia azedarach L.) SEEDLINGS. Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 9.

Mursalin, M., Rahman, M. S., Rahman, M. A., & Shah, M. A. (2018). EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON THE SHOOT AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) SEEDLING. Journal of Science and Technology, 48, 54.

Hossain, S., Rahman, M. S., Kona, K. N., Bari, M. S., Akter, N., & Ali, M. M. (2020). Growth Performance of Two Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Varieties under Different Agroforestry Systems in Bangladesh. Asian Plant Research Journal, 3(3-4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2019/v3i3-430074

Kona, K. N., Rahman, M. S., Hossain, S., Akter, N., & Ali, M. M. (2020). Growth and Yield of Three Turmeric Varities (Curcuma longa L.) under Mango Based Agroforestry. Asian Plant Research Journal, 5(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2020/v5i130098

Rahman, M. S., Roy, P. R., Ali, M. M., Bari, M. S., Sarmin, I. J., & Rahman, M. A. (2020). Cost-benefit Analysis of Different Agroforestry Systems and Practices of Kaharole Upazila of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 8(4), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2020/v8i430221

M.H.A. Amin, J.P. Roy, M.S. Rahman And M. Kajal. 2017.Economic performance of onion under Albizia lebbeck, Melia azedarach and Leucaena leucocephala based agroforestry systems. J. Innov. Dev. Strategy, 11(1): 1-8

Z.A. Zeni, M.S. Rahman, M. M. Ali and M. H. A. Amin. 2015. Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. BARI Gom-25) under mango-based agroforestry system. Journal of Science and Technology, 13: 21-25

M.S. Rahman, Fatematuzzora and A. Raihan. 2016. Growth and quality of pineapple at different orientations and distances under litchi based agroforestry system, Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 10 (1): 17-20

Z. A. Zeni, M.S. Rahman, M.R. Islam, M.M. Ali and K.C. Podder. 2015. Influence of mango-based agroforestry system and spacing on the growth and yield performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. BARI Gom 26). J. Innov. Dev. Strategy 9(1): 1-4.

M. M. Rahman, M. S. Bari, M. S. Rahman, M. A. Ginnah and M. H. Rahman 2016. Screening of Potato Varieties under Litchi Based Agroforestry System. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14(1): 1-10

Shamsuzzaman, M., Rahman, M. S. and Raihan, A. 2016. Effect of phosphorus and potassium on the growth of ghora neem (Melia azedarach l.) seedlings at the nursery stage, J. Innov. Dev. Strategy 10(2):13-16

M.S. Ali, M.M.U. Miah, M.H.A. Amin, M. S. Rahman and M.A. Hanif. 2010. Varietal performance of cane in association with different multipurpose tree species. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 4 (2):45-47

M.N. Uddin, M.M.U. Miah, M.S. Rahman, M.H.A. Amin and M.S. Rahman. 2010. Performance of Indian spinach in litchi based agroforestry. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 4 (1):97-100

M.H.A. Amin, M.S. Rahman, P. Lakra, S.M. Rayhan and M.A. Hanif. 2010. Performance of Cabbage under multipurpose tree species as agroforestry system. Bangladesh Research Publications Journal, 4(1):76-81.

Miah,MM.U., M.S.Rahman, M.A.Hakim, M.H.A.Amin and M.Z.Rahman.2008. Organic production of eggplant in multistoried agroforestry system. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 1 (2):45-49.

Uddin, M.S., R.Ahmed, M.F.K. Khan, M.A.S.A.Khan and M.S. Rahman. 2007. Traditional farming system of Garo tribe in Netrokna district of Bangladesh. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment,1 (1):45-49

Rahman, M. S. and M.A.U Mridha. 2003. Status of ectomycorrhizal association in Pinus caribaea grown in Chittagong University Campus. Journal of Forestry and Environment, 2(1):67-70

Rahman, M. S. and M. A.U. Mridha. 2003. Vertical distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the roots and rhizosphere soils of teak (Tectona grandis L.). Journal of Forestry and Environment, 2(1):27-32

Rahman, M. S., M. A.U. Mridha, S. M. N. Islam, S. M. S. Haque, P. P. Dhar and S.K. Shah. 2003. Status of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in certain tropical forest tree legume seedlings. The Indian Forester, 129 (3): 371-376.

Rahman, M. S., Khan, B. M., Mridha, M. A. U. and Hossain, M. K. 2000. Status of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Teak (Tectona grandis L.) Seedlings Grown from Pre-sowing Treated Seeds. Chittagong University Journal of Science, 24(2): 30-38

Rahman, M. S., Khan, B. M., Mridha, M. A. U., Hossain, M. K. and Dhar, P. P. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Ghora neem (Melia azedarach L.) seedlings grown from pre-sowing treated seeds. Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science, 29(1): 9-14

Rahman M.S., Tsitsoni T., Tsakaldimi M., Ganatsas P. (2015). Field performance of Fraxinus ornus bareroot plants to drought stress. In: Ivetid V., Stankovid D. (eds.) Proceedings: International conference Reforestation Challenges. 03-06 June 2015, Belgrade, Serbia. Reforesta. pp. 164-174.

Rahman, M.S., Tsitsoni, T. and Tsakaldimi, M. 2013. A comparison of root architecture and shoot morphology of Cercis siliquastrum L. between two water regimes. 16th Panhellenic Forestry Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, held in 6-9 October 2013. Pp. 405-414

Mridha, M.A.U. and M. S. Rahman. 2001.Mycorrhizal status of some agroforestry trees in Bangladesh. Development of Agroforestry Research in Bangladesh. Pp: 153-158

Rahman, M. S., M. A.U. Mridha, S. M. S. Huda, M. M. Haque and S. M. S. Haque. 2004. Effect of Fertilizers on Nodulation and Growth of Samanea saman Merr. in presence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Nursery Level. Book Name: “Symbiotic N-fixation- prospects for enhanced application in tropical agriculture.” Published From India. pp: 327-333

Funded by: State Scholarship Foundation (IKY), Greece

Funded by: KRISHI GOBESHONA FOUNDATION (KGF) (From 01 October 2017 to 30 September 2020)

Position: Co PI

Description: Indeed, the Teesta runs dry during the pre- and post- monsoon seasons each year fuels water scarcity in the char regions and restricts the livelihood options available to its inhabitants. Due to the unavailability of river-dependent livelihood options, agriculture has emerged as a major means of earning. Char communities need to survive and sustain through sustainable climate smart agriculture as they live through a series of extreme events and climate variability. So, there are huge scopes to introduce improved homestead and cropland agroforestry production systems in charland area of Tista river basin which may be ensure sustainable environment friendly climate resilience land use systems and livelihood of Charland inhabitants. Therefore, 36 months investigation of the potentiality of Agroforestry systems in Charland will be conducted at the Charland areas of two districts i.e. Nilphamary and Rangpur with the collaboration of Char Development Research Centre (CDRC), Rural Development Academy (RDA), Bogra .

Funded by: BARC

Position: Principal Investigator

Description: There were many small chunks of natural forests in the northern part of Bangladesh. People would meet their demand of wood from those forests. Due to deforestation of these natural forests, people are now practicing different agroforestry programs increasingly in their homesteads, orchards and croplands for their own purposes. These agroforestry practices are not stable but changing. Previously people would plant native species. Now they are practicing with fast growing exotic species like Eucalyptus, Akashmoni, Ghora neem etc. On the other hand, due to lack of information, farmers usually practices same agroforestry tree-crop combinations with different spacings as their wish. Beside these, people also planting various trees in their fields on the basis of their indigenous knowledge. But some of these combinations are profitable and some may not be profitable. This is happening due to inadequate research on the economic suitability of the agroforestry practices in different lands. Many researchers worked on the economic evaluation but researches considering spacing, species and land utility are lacking. So, it is necessary to find out the traditional, introduced, farmer-innovated agroforestry practices in the northern region of Bangladesh with their economic, financial and environmental suitability. This will help to screen out the suitable existing practices and also help to develop improved agroforestry practices for the well-being of the farmers and the country as well. Start: April 2017; End: 30 September 2018

Funded by: EU

Position: Technical Program Specialist

Description: Erasmus +SEA- ASIA HSTU Program for higher education

Funded by: MOST

Position: Co PI

Description: Organic fertilizer as alternative source of liming materials for resilient soil health and productivity of bell pepper in low pH soil

Funded by: Institute of Research and Training, HSTU (UGC Funded)

Position: Principal Investigator

Description: ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted from March to October 2015 to find out the responses of shoot morphology and root architecture of Azadirachta indica (neem) seedlings to water stress at the agroforestry and environment research field of HSTU. There were four treatments; namely- 100% watering, 50% watering, 25% watering and no water (control). Results showed that shoot height of neem seedlings increased after transplanting in the field i.e. from 3 to 6 months of transplantation in different water regimes. After six months of transplantation, the highest shoot height was recorded in 100 % watering regime (45.33 cm) and the lowest was found in control (31.0 cm). Root collar diameter also varied up to different water levels. The highest root collar diameter after six months of transplantation was found in 100% water level (5.67mm) and the lowest was recorded in control. Number of branches, sturdiness ratio and central root length showed similar tread of results. In case of biomass allocation, shoot and root dry biomass of neem seedlings increased in all the treatments compared to control condition. Highest shoot dry biomass was recorded in 50% water level followed by 100 % water level and the lowest was recorded in 25 % level and control watering regimes. Similar result was found in total dry biomass. In case of root dry biomass, shoot to root ratio and quality index varied insignificantly after six months of transplantation. The number of first order lateral roots (FOLRs) recorded insignificantly among the watering treatments after 3, 4 and 6 months but it increased after 4 to 6 months than their earlier number in all the water levels except water stress (control) condition. Though mean diameter of FOLRs increased except control but this diameter varied insignificantly over time. The mean length of FOLRs after 3 months varied insignificantly but it varied after 4 and 6 months. Finally, after six months, the full stressed seedlings showed highest length of FOLR(s) and the 100% watering regime showed lowest length. Increasing the length of FOLRs with the sacrifice of their diameter might be the adaptive mechanism of neem seedlings in water stress condition. Survival rate of neem seedlings was not changed in 100% and 50% watering regimes over time but it decreased sharply in stressed seedlings (20% survival rate) followed by 25% watering regime (95% survival rate) due to water stress condition after 6 months. Considering the overall results, it can be concluded that neem seedlings can be established to combat desertification with ensuring at least 50% additional water supply at their early stages.

Funded by: Institute of Research and Training, HSTU (UGC Funded), 2016-2017

Position: Principal Investigator

Description: ABSTRACT: A study was conducted at the Research Field of Agroforestry and Environment Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the period of November 2016 to March 2017 to find out the allelopathic effect of four tree species on the germination, root architecture, shoot growth and yield of two wheat varieties (BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-28). There were five treatments including control viz. T1 (Ghora neem tree leaf), T2 (Ipil- ipil tree leaf), T3 (Mango tree leaf), T4 (Sada koroi tree leaf) and T5 (only water; Control). There were two experiments; Experiment-1 was done in laboratory condition to test the allelopathic effect of four tree species on the germination of tested wheat varieties in Petridis and Experiment-2 was done in field condition to find out the allelopathic effect of trees on the germination, growth root architecture and yield. The concentration used in the laboratory experiment for each dry leaf powder was 5%. In case of field experiment 20g dry leaf powder were mixed in each experimental plot of size 1.5ft × 1.5ft. In case of laboratory experiment, germination percentage of BARI Gom-27 was highest (95%) in Control condition followed by Sada koroi leaf extract (60%), Mango leaf extract (40%), Ipil-ipil leaf extract (45%) and lowest percentage (20%) was found in Ghora neem leaf extract. In the same way, in case of BARI Gom- 28, the highest germination percentage (90%) was recorded in Control treatment, followed by Sada koroi leaf extract (39%), Ipil ipil leaf extract (33%), Mango leaf extract (30%) and lowest (21%) was recorded in Ghora neem leaf extract. Again in field experiment, BARI Gom-27 gave the highest (88.16%) germination in Control treatment followed by Ipil-ipil tree leaf extract (84.1%), Mango tree leaf extract (82.36%), Sada koroi leaf extract (78.88%) and lowest germination percentage (77%) was found in Ghora neem leaf extract. Likewise, germination percentage of BARI Ghom-28 was found highest (85.26%) in Control and lowest (73.66%) was found in Sada koroi leaf extract. In BARI Gom-27, the highest yield (2047.61kg/ha) was observed in Control followed by Sada koroi leaf extract (1666.67 kg/ha), Ipil-ipil leaf extract (1380.09 kg/ha), Mango leaf extract (1238.09 kg/ha) and lowest (1000 kg/ha) was in Ghora neem leaf extract. In the same way in case of BARI Gom-28 the highest (1857.14 kg/ha) yield was recorded in Control followed by Sada koroi leaf extract (1523.81 kg/ha), Ipil-ipil leaf extract (1285.71kg/ha), Mango leaf extract (1190.47 kg/ha) and lowest (1095.23 kg/ha) was in Ghora neem leaf extract. Finally it can be concluded that among the two wheat varieties, BARI Gom-27 gave good result in respect to the allelopathic of the tested four tree species. Among the four tested tree species, Sada koroi leaf extract was less allelopathic effect on wheat. So, BARI Gom-27 can be cultivated with Sada koroi tree.

Funded by: Institute of Research and Training, HSTU (UGC Funded), 2015-2016

Position: Principal Investigator

Description: ABSTRACT Aims: In an agroforestry system, interactions between trees and crops are common phenomena. Ghora neem (Melia azedarach L) is assumed to be a promising tree for agroforestry practice but little is known about its interactions with associated annual crops. Therefore, the present study is undertaken to find out the different crop-residues on the germination and root -shoot development of Ghora neem seedling. Study Design: The complete randomized design was followed with five replications in each treatment. There were five treatments including control viz. Pineapple leaf extract, Napier grass extract, Wheat straw extract, Maize straw extract and only water (Control). Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted during the period of February to August 2016 at the Research Field of the Department of Agroforestry and Environment of HSTU. Methodology: Crop residues were blended with water to make 1% (w/v) solution. Germination speed was calculated as (N1*1) + (N2–N1)*1/2 + … + (Nn - Nn-1) *1/n. The inhibitory / stimulatory effects of extracts on test crops were calculated in percentage of control. Quality index was calculated as: QI=total dry weight (g)/ [height (cm)/diameter (mm) +shoot dry weight (g)/root dry weight (g)]. Growth and biomass data were measured following standard methods. Results: Germination was positively affected by different crop residues. Ghora neem seeds showed better germination in all the treatments of crop extracts compared to control. Among the root and shoot morphological traits, only number of leaves and root length varied due to crop residues. Other parameters were statistically similar. The highest number of leaves was recorded in napier grass and maize extracts and lowest in wheat straw extracts. Dry biomass did not vary significantly among the different crop residues. Root architectural analyses show that although length of first order lateral roots (FOLR) was recorded higher after 1 month than that of 2 months but their diameter and number increased over time. It can be concluded that Ghora neem tree can be a good component of agroforestry with the tested crops due to the least effect of the crop residue extracts on the shoot and root growth of Ghora neem.

Funded by: Institute of Research and Training, HSTU (UGC Funded)

Position: Principal Investigator

Description: ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted from March to October 2015 to find out the responses of shoot morphology and root architecture of Azadirachta indica (neem) seedlings to water stress at the agroforestry and environment research field of HSTU. There were four treatments; namely- 100% watering, 50% watering, 25% watering and no water (control). Results showed that shoot height of neem seedlings increased after transplanting in the field i.e. from 3 to 6 months of transplantation in different water regimes. After six months of transplantation, the highest shoot height was recorded in 100 % watering regime (45.33 cm) and the lowest was found in control (31.0 cm). Root collar diameter also varied up to different water levels. The highest root collar diameter after six months of transplantation was found in 100% water level (5.67mm) and the lowest was recorded in control. Number of branches, sturdiness ratio and central root length showed similar tread of results. In case of biomass allocation, shoot and root dry biomass of neem seedlings increased in all the treatments compared to control condition. Highest shoot dry biomass was recorded in 50% water level followed by 100 % water level and the lowest was recorded in 25 % level and control watering regimes. Similar result was found in total dry biomass. In case of root dry biomass, shoot to root ratio and quality index varied insignificantly after six months of transplantation. The number of first order lateral roots (FOLRs) recorded insignificantly among the watering treatments after 3, 4 and 6 months but it increased after 4 to 6 months than their earlier number in all the water levels except water stress (control) condition. Though mean diameter of FOLRs increased except control but this diameter varied insignificantly over time. The mean length of FOLRs after 3 months varied insignificantly but it varied after 4 and 6 months. Finally, after six months, the full stressed seedlings showed highest length of FOLR(s) and the 100% watering regime showed lowest length. Increasing the length of FOLRs with the sacrifice of their diameter might be the adaptive mechanism of neem seedlings in water stress condition. Survival rate of neem seedlings was not changed in 100% and 50% watering regimes over time but it decreased sharply in stressed seedlings (20% survival rate) followed by 25% watering regime (95% survival rate) due to water stress condition after 6 months. Considering the overall results, it can be concluded that neem seedlings can be established to combat desertification with ensuring at least 50% additional water supply at their early stages.

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